What did Burns contribute to the field of leadership in 1978?

James MacGregor Burns made a significant contribution to the field of leadership in 1978 by distinguishing between two types of leaders: transactional leaders and transformational leaders. In his seminal work, "Leadership," Burns articulated that transactional leaders focus on exchanges and agreements, aiming for short-term goals and fostering a practical, results-oriented environment. In contrast, transformational leaders inspire and motivate their followers by creating a vision for change and encouraging personal development and higher levels of engagement. This distinction highlights the varying approaches leaders can take and emphasizes the importance of motivation and vision in effective leadership.

By framing leadership in terms of these two categories, Burns opened the door for further research and discussion about different leadership styles and their impacts on organizational culture and effectiveness. His insights have become foundational in understanding how leaders can effectively influence and motivate their teams.