Which of the following is NOT one of the bases of power?

The distinction of power bases is fundamental in understanding leadership dynamics. The correct choice, which identifies the option that is not considered a formal base of power in leadership theory, is manipulative power.

Reverent power, coercive power, and expert power all represent established bases of power. Reverent power arises from the personal qualities of the leader, where followers feel respect and admiration. Coercive power involves the capability to use force or threats to achieve compliance, while expert power emerges from the skills, knowledge, or expertise that a leader possesses, which others recognize and value.

Manipulative power, however, is not formally recognized as a standard base of power in leadership contexts. It implies a negative connotation associated with deceit or unethical behavior to influence others, which contrasts with the more recognized and ethically aligned power bases. Thus, understanding the distinctions between these types of power supports the development of effective and ethical leadership practices.